My candidate for the most common mistake is not identifying what went wrong with a shot that tastes bad.
-- Learn to distinguish too sour (lemon juice) from too bitter (lemon peel, wood, raw cinnamon, other sharp tastes); at the intensity of an espresso shot, these are such an assault that they are easily confused.
-- Too flat (not enough aroma and flavor), too intense, not sweet enough, too sweet (it does happen on occasion).
Once you know how a shot tastes wrong, it's a lot easier to correct than if all you know about it is that it tastes bad, or that it doesn't look pretty. I've written
some pointers on diagnostics. They are a good place to start, but they don't always work. Each grinder, machine and blend has its own peculiarities, and you'll need to learn the shot fixes for your particular setup